The Nile River has two parts: The Blue Nile originates from Lake Tana, Ethiopia, and the White Nile started from Kagera River… and the Nile (2002), at 38–47. NILE CONFLICT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction The current Egypt–Ethiopia conflict over the River Nile is a result of politicization and securitization of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on the Blue Nile, and Egypt’s opposition to the project over its ... agreements of the ongoing conflict between Egypt and Ethiopia. The 1902 Treaty has often been referred to a Treaty between Ethiopia and Egypt and that this treaty addressed the use of the Nile Waters. However, arguing that their “acquired rights” to the waters of the Nile River would not be protected, Egypt and Sudan immediately registered their intention not to sign the agreement because they objected to the wording of Article 14 (b): “Nile Basin States therefore agree, in a spirit of cooperation: . . . these agreements are binding on all Nile River basin countries under international law. Rather than quantifying 'equitable rights' or water use allocations, the Treaty intends to establish a framework to "promote integrated management, sustainable development, and harmonious utilization of the water resources of the Basin, as well as their conservation and protection for the benefit of present and future generations". water for its development, and on the other hand that Egypt has historic rights in the Nile waters, took the shape of two letters; the first was addressed to Lord Lloyd, … 1.2 Description of the Nile River Basin 12 1.3 Climate change induced water stress in the Nile River Basin 13 1.4 Objectives & scope of the assessment 14 Chapter two: Methodology 15 2.1 General approach 15 2.2 Literature review 15 2.3 Questionnaire survey 15 2.4 Pre-testing of questionnaires 15 2.5 The sampling design 15 AGREEMENT ON THE NILE RIVER BASIN COOPERATIVE FRAMEWORK Article 1 Scope of the Present Framework The present Framework applies to the use, development, protection, conservation and management of the Nile River Basin and its resources and establishes an institutional mechanism for cooperation among the Nile Basin States. 5 H. Erlich, The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt . The Colorado River (Spanish: Río Colorado) is one of the principal rivers (along with the Rio Grande) in the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico.The 1,450-mile-long (2,330 km) river drains an expansive, arid watershed that encompasses parts of seven U.S. states and two Mexican states. This agreement claims to announce the rights of upper riparian states to use the waters of the Nile. By Alazar Feleke. A short summary of this paper. The downstream river reach, starting at the Blue Nile–White Nile confluence in Khartoum, generates virtually no runoff. These disagreements over the use of the Nile are not recent and, in fact, have a long history because of these countries’ high dependence on the waters of the Nile. Within the Nile River Basin, the governance of Nile water resources has come to rely on an increasingly outdated colonially-imposed treaty regime. Ultimately, the views expressed in this paper are an East African view of the Nile question. THE Egyptian Gazette of May 9, 1929, carried the text of an agreement on the long-debated question as to the use of the waters of the River Nile. Download PDF. Most agreements related to the Nile river basin were made among the colonisers or are bilateral agreements between two important basin countries, Egypt and Sudan. In 1929, an The Nile has two major tributaries: the White Nile and the Blue Nile. 17.The agreement allocated forty‐eight billion cubic meters per year to Egypt and four billion cubic meters per year to Sudan. The goal is to create neighborhoods that are well-connected, affordable, and desirable places to live and work. At that time, the entire Nile MWANGI S. KIMENYI & JOHN MUKUM MBAKU, AFR. http://ocid.nacse.org/tfdd/tfdddocs/92ENG.pdf [hereinafter Nile Waters Agreement]. Nile waters and treaty negotiations. See also Pank-hurst, ‘Ethiopia’s Alleged Control of the Nile’, in H. Erlich and I. Gershoni (eds), The Nile: Histor- an agreement with its Sudanese counterpart to es-tablish a joint military force. Ministers of water resources from Nile Basin countries are meeting in Alexandria, Egypt on July 27-28 to discuss cooperation and a conclusive Nile River framework agreement. The 1902 Of the 84 billion cubic meters of Nile water, Egypt was Potential evaporation rates in the Nile region are high, making the basin particularly vulnerable to drought. The way the conference unfolded was that, the countries involved all sat at a table with a map of Africa and decided what was going to happen, who was going to get what territory, and the agreements about trade. The uncertainty around the future development of the Nile River regime is rooted in several factors physically and politically affecting the opportunities for basin-wide cooperative agreements and efficient integrated water management. proceeded, for decades, along bilateral or sub-basin arrangements which often had . Even in the English version of the agreement, so long as the flow of water to the Nile is not arrested, and no structures are constructed across the Blue Nile, the Sobat, and Lake Tana that would arrest the flow of water to the white Nile there is no restriction whatever on … Geoffrey Mtua. Agreement between the Republic of the Sudan and the United Arab Republic for the full utilization of the Nile Waters. The River Nile, the longest river in the world, is a source of life to millions of people. Excerpted in Mohammed, ‘The Nile River Cooperative Framework Agreement: Contentious Legal Issues and Future Strategies for Ethiopia’, Paper Presented at the National Consultative Workshop on Nile Cooperation, 12–13 Feb. 2009, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, at 11. This paper. Eritrea participates as an observer.8 The Nile River is considered to be the longest river in the world; it is the only significant source of water in North Africa and 40% of Africa’s population live in the Nile River basin. Legal Basis: i) Historical Treaties and Agreements A series of colonial-era agreements affect use of the Nile River. EPA-EFE/Khaled Elfiqi. era, cooperation amongst Nile riparians . Cairo, 8 November, available at 1959 available at http://ocid.nacse.org/tfdd/tfdddocs/230ENG.pdf [Accessed 15 October 2010]. In order to examine the Nile treaty regime, the body of this paper is organized into four main sections. Part I looks to the history of Nile governance, including the needs of colonial Egypt and the British plans for the river leading to the first Nile Waters Agreement in 1929. Tumaini University Makumira, 2016. addressed water allocation in the Nile River continue to be politically relevant to contemporary negotiations. What Is The Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA) and What Is Its Purpose? the Nile gushes downstream, are asking Herodotus in retrospect: whose gift is the Nile anyway? Analysis of Past agreements on the Nile in View of the Law of Treaty and the CFA Nebiyu Tedla May 2nd 2013 The use of the Nile River has for centuries been monopolized by the lower riparian countries that claim historic right over the waters. The Blue Nile and Sobat River flow from Lake Tana, and may obstruct the flow of water into the Nile River. A third treaty, which is a source of bitter dispute between Egypt and Sudan on the one hand and the other Nile riparians on the other hand, is the 1959 Nile Waters Agreement (Nile Treaty 1959). Exclusively inclusive river cruising Cruise along the River Danube from Budapest to Amsterdam on an amazing journey past grand cathedrals, medieval monasteries, castles and vineyards, including a once-in-a-decade visit to Floriade, the “world’s fair” of horticultural exhibitions. The Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA), as provided in its preamble, is a framework agreement to strengthen cooperation and govern relations among the basin countries with regard to the Nile River Basin to promote integrated management, sustainable development, and harmonious utilization of the water resources of the Basin, as well as their … Collective Bargaining Agreements February 19, 2019 | Agency. The agreement, which recognizes on the one hand.that the Sudan needs more. The Nile River during sunset in Luxor, Egypt. peasant farmer along the Nile River more precarious. Tanzania recently began a $27.6 billion dollar project to get drinking water out of Lake Victoria, despite the fact that the Nile Waters Agreement of Humanities*1:*Unit*2* Ms.*Alli* Today*there*are*shortages*of*water*inthe*Nile,*due*to*the*unavoidable*use*of*the*water*by*many*different* cultures. Whereas the Nile Waters Agreement concluded in 1929 has only regulated a partial use of the natural river and did not cover the future conditions of a fully controlled river supply, the two Republics have agreed to the following: I.-The present established rights 1. It should be noted that such a treaty did not exist between Ethiopia and Egypt. It covers an area of approximately 3.1 million square kilometers, which is around ten percent of the African continent. Article 2 Use of Terms However, the draft agreement is still in the hands of heads of state for final decision‐ making. Population In London on December 13, 1906, an agreement was signed between Britain, France, and Italy. The Nile river system, has two principal tributaries which combined make the existing Nile river, the White Nile, which supplies much less water to Nile's flow, and the Blue Nile. 1959 agreement remained the primary hydro-political standard of reference in the Nile River Basin throughout the post-colonial era. The core Nile Waters Agreements (signed by Egypt and Britain and Egypt and Sudan in 1929 and 1959, respectively) allocate a In case the agreement is ratified by Nile riparians, the transitional NBI is expected to be replaced by a permanent river basin organisation – the Nile Basin Commission (NBC). The Treaty between Great Britain and Ethiopia of May 15,1902. Up-river nations have recently been reacting to Egypt’s monopolization of Nile water by threatening to withdraw from the 1959 treaty and instituting water projects of their own. Under colonial Britain’s rule, in an effort to secure their interests over the Nile River in Egypt, some treaties stood out; the 1891 agreement, 1929 agreement, and the 1959 agreement. Dr. Peter Onyango, international law researcher and lecturer, has undertaken this research to reveal the weak points in the alleged River Nile Water Agreement of 1929 and the subsequent legal and political agreements in force. The Nile River is one of the longest rivers in the world. The purpose of the Agreement was two-fold: ... Download Free PDF. insta pt 2021 exclusive geography and places in news june 2020 – march 2021 the River and its vitality in the regional peace and security. The agreements on trade were based around the rivers, so there was free trade along the Niger and the Congo river. The source of the White Nile is the Luvironza river, the source of the Blue Nile is Lake Tana in the Gilgel Abbay watershed in the Ethiopian Highlands.. The last colonial-era treaty regulation of the Nile River System was the 1952 Agreement concluded by Exchange of Notes between Egypt and the United Kingdom (acting for Uganda) concerning the construction of the Owen Falls Dam in Uganda, then under British colonial administration. As Tesfa- Alem Tekle disclosed Ethiopians see the military agreement as a key defense strategy to avert any possible sabo - tage of a controversial dam project it is building on the Nile, some 40km from the Sudanese border. The seven upstream countries on the other hand are of the view that retaining the formulation on current uses and rights is tantamount to accepting the provisions of the 1929 and 1959 agreements. The agreement was the most controversial one in the history of Nile agreements, as both parties claimed that their own understanding of i t was correct.17 Like the 1891 Agreement, it repeated the same thing, in the sense that it prevented the Ethiopian government 1. 2007 (NBI, 2007). The other is BILATERAL TREATIES ON THE NILE RIVER AND THEIR IMPACTS ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. Answer to Lab 9: Sets in the Java Collection Framework For this week's lab, you will use two of the classes in the Java Collection Framework: HashSet and 26 STATE OF THE RIVER NILE BASIN 2012 K EY MESSAGES • The Nile Basin is characterized by high climatic diversity and variability, a low percentage of rainfall reaching the main river, and an uneven distribution of its water resources. In an effort to protect their interests in Egypt, the British oversaw the signing of agreements affecting the use of the Nile River that tended to support Egypt’s downstream water interests over those of other riparians. Agreements that favour Egypt’s rights to Nile waters are an anachronism. shown in Figure 1). Many bilateral treaties were concluded between Egypt, Britain and other powers between 1885 and the Second World War to regulate the utilisation of the waters of the River Nile. All active collective bargaining agreements filed with SERB. Download Free PDF. The Nile Waters Agreement. THE Egyptian Gazette of May 9, 1929, carried the text of an agreement on the long-debated question as to the use of the waters of the River Nile. This agreement itself was written in Amharic and signed by the King of Ethiopia. Article III of the agreement was about the Nile waters and it stated that: "The Government of the independent state of the Congo undertakes not to construct, or allow to be constructed, any work over or near the Semliki or Isango river which would diminish the volume of water entering Lake Albert except in agreement with the Sudanese Government". From the nineteenth to the mid twentieth century, the hydro-politics of the area was shaped by colonial powers. As a special Dutch treat included on this river cruise, visit Floriade 2022, “the World's Fair of horticultural shows.” Explore an international horticultural wonderland that celebrates Green Cities of the Future on 148 acres of land repurposed and reclaimed from the sea … Nile River Agreements or engage the upper riparian states in a more inclusive, participatory and competitive negotiation process to produce a legal arrangement that enhances the … Egyptian vetoes of Nile River projects, as authorized by the 1929 and 1959 legislative frameworks, were legitimized by the support of international financial institutions. In May 2010, upper riparian states reinforced this statement by opening the Nile Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement for signature. One is the Toshka project, an ambitious plan that will divert Nile waters into a desert oasis, and which is expected to irrigate a vast territory at a cost of $88.5 billion. The Nile River is shared by 11 river basin. The quantities of water actually used by the United Arab Republic until the date of In 1891, Britain and Italy signed an agreement determining their area of influence in the basin countries in eastern Africa to the outskirts of the Red Sea. with Ethiopia, the agreement gives Egypt veto power over any project on the Nile that would jeopardize the interests of Egypt (Tvedt 2004). the annual Nile flows but exhibit clear dry and wet spells.5 In contrast, the White Nile—which supplies the remainder 10-15 percent—has a fairly stable discharge throughout the year. A detailed description of the Nile River is provided by Collins’ recent book entitled, The Nile (2002). Download Full PDF Package. In order to survive, Egypt has embarked on two massive projects. The Republic of the Sudan in agreement with the United Arab Republic shall construct projects for the increase of the River yield by preventing losses of waters of the Nile Basin in the swamps of Bahr El Jebel, Bahr el Zeraf, Bahr el Ghazal and its tributaries, the Sobat River and its tributaries and the White Nile … The Nile is the world’s longest river and sustains the livelihoods of millions of people across ten countries in Africa.It provides fresh water not only for domestic and industrial use,but also for irrigated agriculture,hydropower dams and the vast fisheries resource of the lakes of Central
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